How public contracts are awarded

How framework agreements work in public procurement, when they may be used, term limits in EU and Kenyan rules, and how African laws treat them.

Kenya's State procurement portal, Uganda's eGP, Tanzania's NeST and Rwanda's Umucyo, with the laws behind each and official links.

Where bidders file complaints against public tender awards in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda, with deadlines, decision times and fees.

What open competitive tendering is, the steps from notice to award, and the rules in the UNCITRAL Model Law and World Bank Procurement Regulations.

What direct or single-source procurement is, when the UNCITRAL Model Law and World Bank rules allow it, and how Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda apply it.

Ethiopia's Proclamation No. 1333/2024, the Federal Public Procurement and Property Authority, direct procurement approval, thresholds and complaints.

Ghana's Public Procurement Act 2003 (Act 663) as amended, the PPA, methods, L.I. 2516 thresholds, single-source approval and complaints.

Kenya's procurement law, methods, direct procurement rules under section 103, the Review Board, and privately initiated PPP proposals.

Malawi's PPDA Act 2017 and its 2025 replacement, the PPDA, open tender and single sourcing rules, where thresholds are set, MANePS and reviews.

Nigeria's Public Procurement Act 2007, the Bureau of Public Procurement, 2025 approval thresholds, the certificate of no objection and complaints.

Rwanda's Law N° 031/2022 on public procurement, the 2023 Ministerial Order, RPPA, the Umucyo e-procurement system and the Independent Review Panel.

South Africa's procurement rules under the PFMA and PPPFA, the Public Procurement Act 2024 and its draft regulations, and Treasury thresholds.

South Sudan's Public Procurement and Disposal of Assets Act 2018, the Authority, methods, single-source rules, and audit and IMF findings.

Tanzania's Public Procurement Act 2023, PPRA, procurement methods, direct and single source rules, PPP unsolicited proposals and appeals to the PPAA.

Uganda's PPDA Act as amended, the PPDA Authority, procurement methods, direct procurement conditions and appeals to the PPDA Appeals Tribunal.

Zambia's Public Procurement Act 2020, the ZPPA, procurement methods, direct bidding rules, where thresholds are set, e-GP and appeals.